The phrase "were permeated by" refers to something that has been thoroughly infused or saturated with a particular quality, substance, or feeling. Some synonyms to this phrase are "imbued with", "pervaded with", "suffused with", "saturated with", "penetrated by", and "filled with". Each of these synonyms emphasizes the idea of something being deeply ingrained, pervasive, and all-encompassing. It might refer to a place, a culture, an atmosphere, an emotion, or an idea. Whatever it is, the phrase "were permeated by" conveys a sense of depth and intensity, suggesting that the thing in question has become an integral part of its surroundings or context.